Cyber Warfare by Springer Paul;

Author:Springer, Paul;
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: ABC-CLIO
Published: 2015-03-11T04:00:00+00:00

Hayden, Michael

Michael Hayden (b. 1945) is a retired U.S. Air Force general who served as the 15th director of the National Security Agency (NSA) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) under Presidents Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama. He is widely seen as one of the foremost experts on the ramifications of cyber developments upon intelligence collection, analysis, and operational utilization. Despite a reputation as a mild-mannered leader, Hayden has pushed strongly to expand the capabilities and authorities of the intelligence organizations he has led. He is currently a member of the Chertoff Group, a security consulting corporation founded by former secretary of homeland security Michael Chertoff.

Hayden joined the U.S. Air Force in 1969, after participating in the Reserve Officer Training Corps program at the University of Pittsburgh. He spent most of his uniformed career associated with some aspect of military intelligence, gradually rising through the ranks to assume command of the Air Intelligence Agency in 1996. In 1999, President Bill Clinton nominated Hayden to direct the NSA, an agency that had suffered from nearly a decade of reduced budgets and personnel cuts. Hayden quickly moved to revitalize the organization, both through revamping the leadership structure of the NSA and by updating its technological infrastructure. Many of the older members of NSA leadership chose to retire shortly after Hayden assumed the leadership position, in part due to financial inducements he introduced. The result was a younger, leaner NSA, with less experience but a greater interest in transparency within the organization and a much more casual relationship with the American public.

In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks, Hayden led the NSA in a massive effort to increase its responsibilities and capabilities. This not only included greater activities in the collection of signal intelligence from foreign sources, it also involved a much larger domestic surveillance role for the NSA than it had ever held. In theory, this was done to prevent further attacks against the homeland, but critics of the NSA program argued that it violated the Fourth Amendment protections of the U.S. Constitution, and that the NSA was engaged in illegal wiretapping activity with almost no oversight from the courts as required by the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978. Despite these complaints, Hayden was named the principal deputy director of national intelligence in 2005, making him the highest-ranking intelligence official on active duty in the military. In 2006, President Bush nominated Hayden to succeed Porter Goss as the director of the Central Intelligence Agency. In that capacity, Hayden oversaw a major expansion of the CIA’s use of remotely piloted vehicles (RPV), particularly armed variants of the MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper.

Hayden’s legacy in the intelligence community is twofold. He brought the uniformed and civilian intelligence organizations far closer together than they had been since the end of the Cold War, ostensibly to improve their function in the effort to find and destroy Al Qaeda. He also made major strides to enhance the intelligence agencies’ opportunities to

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